Apr 122013
 

Articolo di Dan Nanni pubblicato su xmodulo.com

Come amministratore di sistema Linux, tecnico di sicurezza o di controllo del sistema, la responsabilità può coinvolgere qualsiasi combinazione di questi: software per la gestione delle patch, scansione malware, controlli di integrità dei file, controllo di sicurezza, controllo degli errori di configurazione, ecc Se è presente uno strumento di analisi automatica delle vulnerabilità, si può risparmiare un sacco di tempo sul controllo dei problemi di sicurezza comuni.

Uno scanner di vulnerabilità per Linux è lynis . Questo strumento è supportato su più piattaforme tra cui CentOS, Debian, Fedora, FreeBSD, Mac OS e Ubuntu.



Per installare lynis su Linux, aprite un terminale ed eseguite i seguenti comandi:

$ wget http://www.rootkit.nl/files/lynis-1.3.0.tar.gz
$ sudo tar xvfvz lynis-1.3.0.tar.gz -C /opt

Per fare una scansione delle vulnerabilità Linux con  lynis, eseguite i seguenti comandi.

$ cd /opt/lynis-1.3.0/
$ sudo /opt/lynis-1.3.0/lynis --check-all -Q

Una volta che lynis iniziare a verificare il vostro sistema, svolgerà l’auditing in diverse categorie:

  • Strumenti di sistema: binari di sistema
  • Servizi al boot: boot loaders, servizi all’avvio
  • Kernel: run level, moduli caricati, configurazione del kernel, core dumps
  • Memoria e processi: processi zombie, processi in IO waiting
  • Utenti, gruppi ed autenticazione: group IDs, sudoers, configurazione PAM, età delle password, default mask
  • Shells
  • File systems: mount points, file in /tmp, root file system
  • Storage: usb-storage, firewire ohci
  • NFS
  • Software:  Domini di ricerca DNS, BIND
  • Porte e pacchetti : Pacchetti vulnerabili/aggiornabili, repository di sicurezza
  • Networking: nameservers, interfacce in stato promiscuo, connessioni
  • Stampanti e code di stampa: configurazione di cups
  • Software: e-mail e messaging
  • Software: firewalls: iptables, pf
  • Software: webserver: Apache, nginx
  • Supporto a SSH: Configurazione SSH
  • Supporto SNMP
  • Databases: MySQL root password
  • Servizi LDAP
  • Software: php: opzioni php
  • Supporto Squid
  • Registrazione dei log e files: syslog daemon, log directories
  • Servizi insicuri: inetd
  • Banners e identificazione
  • Compiti programmati: crontab/cronjob, atd
  • Accounting: sysstat data, auditd
  • Time e sincronizzazione: ntp daemon
  • Crittografia: Scadenza del certificato SSL
  • Virtualizzazione
  • Frameworks di sicurezza: Stato di AppArmor, SELinux, grsecurity
  • Software: integrità dei file
  • Software: malware scanners
  • Home directories: shell history files

Uno screenshot di lynis in azione è mostrato qua sotto:

lynis

 

Una volta completata la scansione, la relazione sul del sistema viene generata e memorizzata in /var/log/lynis.log.

La relazione contiene avvertenze per potenziali vulnerabilità rilevate dallo strumento. Per esempio:

$ sudo grep Warning /var/log/lynis.log
[20:20:04] Warning: Root can directly login via SSH [test:SSH-7412] [impact:M]
[20:20:04] Warning: PHP option expose_php is possibly turned on, which can reveal useful information for attackers. [test:PHP-2372] [impact:M]
[20:20:06] Warning: No running NTP daemon or available client found [test:TIME-3104] [impact:M]

The audit report also contains a number of suggestions that can help harden your Linux system. For example:

$ sudo grep Suggestion /var/log/lynis.log
[20:19:41] Suggestion: Install a PAM module for password strength testing like pam_cracklib or pam_passwdqc [test:AUTH-9262]
[20:19:41] Suggestion: When possible set expire dates for all password protected accounts [test:AUTH-9282]
[20:19:41] Suggestion: Configure password aging limits to enforce password changing on a regular base [test:AUTH-9286]
[20:19:41] Suggestion: Default umask in /etc/profile could be more strict like 027 [test:AUTH-9328]
[20:19:42] Suggestion: Default umask in /etc/login.defs could be more strict like 027 [test:AUTH-9328]
[20:19:42] Suggestion: Default umask in /etc/init.d/rc could be more strict like 027 [test:AUTH-9328]
[20:19:42] Suggestion: To decrease the impact of a full /tmp file system, place /tmp on a separated partition [test:FILE-6310]
[20:19:42] Suggestion: Disable drivers like USB storage when not used, to prevent unauthorized storage or data theft [test:STRG-1840]
[20:19:42] Suggestion: Disable drivers like firewire storage when not used, to prevent unauthorized storage or data theft [test:STRG-1846]
[20:20:03] Suggestion: Install package apt-show-versions for patch management purposes [test:PKGS-7394]
. . . .

Allora, cosa state aspettando?
Una esecuzione può dare qualche buon suggerimento su come migliorare la sicurezza del sistema, ed una scansione regolare può aiutarci a vedere cambiamenti nel sistema ed a individuare malware.

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  27 Responses to “Come eseguire una scansione per verificare vulnerabilità di Linux con lynis”

  1. I tried to run it on Ubuntu 13.04 (beta). Got this error:

    $ sudo /opt/lynis-1.3.0/lynis –check-all -Q

    Fatal error: can’t find include directory
    Make sure to execute Lynis from untarred directory or check installation

    • It’s in the Ubuntu archives already, just use apt-get install lynis. It’s far safer than just downloading a file over the net without cryptographic verification.

  2. Copied and pasted your instructions. Execution comes back with

    ~$ sudo /opt/lynis-1.3.0/lynis –check-all -Q

    Fatal error: can’t find include directory
    Make sure to execute Lynis from untarred directory or check installation

    • Thanks for the feedback, it needs a cd :

      ~$ cd /opt/lynis-1.3.0/
      ~$ sudo /opt/lynis-1.3.0/lynis --check-all -Q

  3. Heya, great article. the commands given will never work however as you need to be in the directory before running. Just add a “cd /opt/lynis-1.3.0/” before running the command “sudo /opt/lynis-1.3.0/lynis –check-all -Q”

  4. sounds like you should skip the step:

    cd /opt/lynis-1.3.0/

    Haven’t tried it yet, but that’s what it sounds like from

    ‘Fatal error: can’t find include directory
    Make sure to execute Lynis from untarred directory or check installation’

    • In the first release of the article, the command cd was missing, this was the error.
      Now it’s fixed.

      Thanks

      • yeah… posted while you were in the middle of fixing it, lol!

        “Rico…. smoke bomb!”
        Poooofffffff!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  5. Thank you.
    Works fine after :
    cd /opt/lynis-1.3.0/

  6. Perhaps install from the Repo’s. I did (Kubuntu 13.04) and all went well.

  7. both you guys need to run

    /opt/lynis-1.3.0/lynis –check-all -Q

    not

    /opt/lynis-1.3.0/lynis –check-all -Q

    debian doesn’t have sudo enabled by default, so I take it your running ubuntu so use sudo

  8. Pretty epic, thank you very much for this. Do you think it is okay to use this on a web hosting server? Especially cPanel empowered servers?

    • Why not, you need a root account to do this but you’ll have a nice report and some useful things to check to start to check your security.

  9. Amazing! I should get myself inspired using his scripts 😉

  10. Worked like a charm the first run. lots of useful info. Thanks

  11. To make it easier to view output I had added a simple menu to ease the output of logs under ubuntu.

    !#/bin/bash
    cd /opt/lynis-1.3.0/
    sudo /opt/lynis-1.3.0/lynis –check-all -Q
    clear
    echo ” Select required lynis audit view: ”
    echo ” 1) Check Warnings ”
    echo ” 2) Check Suggestions ”
    read n
    case $n in
    1) sudo grep Warning /var/log/lynis.log >> lynis.log;;
    2) sudo grep Suggestion /var/log/lynis.log >> lynis.log;;
    *) invalid option;;
    esac

    hope this helps.

  12. I ran it on Sabayon and worked flawlessly, thanks for the tip man.

  13. changelog

    * 1.3.0 (2011-12-25)

    are you kidding? you recommend security tool that is no longer maintained?

    • I agree, and well done for at least CHECKING … How many people copied and pasted the instructions as root without even checking on the source!!

    • What’s the definition of being “maintained”? Every day a release?
      The software is stable and even without updates for a year, that doesn’t mean the software is bad.

      For readers who got scared after the remark above: new releases are available, it’s still maintained.

  14. Inspired by script from AlanT, I made some changes in this script:

    #!/bin/bash
    #
    # use $ sudo bash lynis.sh [quiet]
    # where quiet does not produce detailed output
    #
    cd /opt/lynis-1.3.0/
    if [ $1 = “quiet” ]
    then
    /opt/lynis-1.3.0/lynis –check-all -Q > /dev/null
    else
    /opt/lynis-1.3.0/lynis –check-all -Q
    fi
    echo
    echo ” *** Check Warnings ***”
    grep Warning /var/log/lynis.log
    echo
    echo ” *** Check Suggestions ***”
    grep Suggestion /var/log/lynis.log

  15. Great tool 😉

  16. Be carrefully with this Suggestion :

    [18:37:23] Performing test ID AUTH-9328 (Default umask values)

    [18:37:23] Test: Checking /etc/init.d/rc
    [18:37:23] Result: file /etc/init.d/rc exists
    [18:37:23] Test: Checking UMASK value in /etc/init.d/rc
    [18:37:23] Result: found umask 022, which could be improved
    [18:37:23] Suggestion: Default umask in /etc/init.d/rc could be more strict like 027

    If you modify this default umask given by rc to 027, dbus-daemon may become unaccessible to some daemons, like on these extracts of my syslog, and you ll lose access to graphical session 🙁
    Tested for you on Debian-amd64

    May 1 15:29:30 localhost bluetoothd[2422]: Bluetooth daemon 4.99
    May 1 15:29:30 localhost bluetoothd[2422]: Unable to get on D-Bus
    May 1 15:29:31 localhost avahi-daemon[2823]: Found user ‘avahi’ (UID 107) and group ‘avahi’ (GID 117).
    May 1 15:29:31 localhost avahi-daemon[2823]: Successfully dropped root privileges.
    May 1 15:29:31 localhost avahi-daemon[2823]: avahi-daemon 0.6.31 starting up.
    May 1 15:29:31 localhost avahi-daemon[2823]: dbus_bus_get_private(): Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: Permission denied
    May 1 15:29:31 localhost avahi-daemon[2823]: WARNING: Failed to contact D-Bus daemon.
    May 1 15:29:31 localhost avahi-daemon[2823]: avahi-daemon 0.6.31 exiting.

    May 1 15:29:46 localhost gnome-session[3427]: libupower-glib-WARNING: Couldn’t connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: Permission non accordée

    ay 1 15:29:46 localhost gnome-session[3427]: WARNING: Impossible de se connecter : Permission non accordée

    May 1 15:30:21 localhost pulseaudio[4721]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: Permission non accordée

    May 1 15:30:22 localhost pulseaudio[4790]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: Permission non accordée
    May 1 15:30:22 localhost pulseaudio[4790]: [pulseaudio] module-console-kit.c: Unable to contact D-Bus system bus: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.AccessDenied: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: Permission non accordée
    May 1 15:30:22 localhost pulseaudio[4790]: [pulseaudio] module.c: Failed to load module “module-console-kit” (argument: “”): initialization failed.
    May 1 15:30:22 localhost pulseaudio[4790]: [pulseaudio] main.c: Module load failed.
    May 1 15:30:22 localhost pulseaudio[4790]: [pulseaudio] main.c: Échec lors de l’initialisation du démon
    May 1 15:30:22 localhost pulseaudio[4772]: [pulseaudio] main.c: Échec lors du démarrage du démon.
    May 1 15:30:22 localhost pulseaudio[5021]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: Permission non accordée

    and so on

    Otherwise, it’s a very nice and usefull audit tool!

    • for the same error, this solve my conf

      $sudo vi /etc/group
      ../..
      messagebus:x:106:avahi
      ../..
      $sudo /etc/init.d/avahi-daemon restart

  17. Excellent article.18 Suggestions and 4 Warnings! Now if I could only figure out how to implement them!

  18. hello please is there any database for Lynis suppose if there how should i get it and how to store my Lynis log details into mysql database can anyone please help me thanks in advance

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