As system administrator , but also as common user on my PC, one of the more common problem is when a file system got filled up at up at 100% of its size.
So, in this article we’ll see 2 commands that can help us in keeping under control or check the space used in every filesystem and in his directory.
df : report file system disk space usage
du: estimate file space usage
DF
Basic usage
df [Option…] [FILE_NAME…]
description
If [FILE_NAME…] is not given df displays the following information for each file system that was activated with mount: total space, used space, free space and use in %.
if it’s given [FILE_NAME…] the same information is given for the filesystem containing the specified files .
Options:
The most used options for df are -k that show the output values in Kilobytes (this is usually teh default), -h that print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) and -i that give information about inodes
Examples:
#df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/root_vg-root_lv 4128448 400936 3517800 11% / /dev/mapper/root_vg-home_lv 516040 17568 472260 4% /home /dev/mapper/root_vg-tmp_lv 4128448 164316 3754420 5% /tmp /dev/mapper/root_vg-usr_lv 8256952 1240372 6597152 16% /usr /dev/mapper/root_vg-var_lv 4128448 490632 3428104 13% /var /dev/mapper/root_vg-var_log_lv 8256952 320836 7516740 5% /var/log |
Same machine but with the -h option:
#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/root_vg-root_lv 4.0G 392M 3.4G 11% / /dev/mapper/root_vg-home_lv 504M 18M 462M 4% /home /dev/mapper/root_vg-tmp_lv 4.0G 161M 3.6G 5% /tmp /dev/mapper/root_vg-usr_lv 7.9G 1.2G 6.3G 16% /usr /dev/mapper/root_vg-var_lv 4.0G 480M 3.3G 13% /var /dev/mapper/root_vg-var_log_lv 7.9G 314M 7.2G 5% /var/log |
Same machine but with the -i option:
#df -i Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on /dev/mapper/root_vg-root_lv 256K 7.0K 250K 3% / /dev/mapper/root_vg-home_lv 32K 55 32K 1% /home /dev/mapper/root_vg-tmp_lv 256K 27 256K 1% /tmp /dev/mapper/root_vg-usr_lv 512K 51K 462K 10% /usr /dev/mapper/root_vg-var_lv 256K 4.0K 253K 2% /var /dev/mapper/root_vg-var_log_lv 512K 473 512K 1% /var/log |
An example a bit more interesting, we do a df, then we use the ouput to see when is the next check of the filesystem (it works on ext3 /4):
#df | awk '{print $1}' | grep dev/ | xargs -i tune2fs -l {}| egrep "mounted|Next" Last mounted on: / Next check after: Sat Oct 1 19:05:57 2011 Last mounted on: /home Next check after: Sat Oct 1 12:33:16 2011 Last mounted on: /tmp Next check after: Sat Oct 1 19:06:00 2011 Last mounted on: /usr Next check after: Sat Oct 1 19:06:04 2011 Last mounted on: /var Next check after: Sat Oct 1 19:06:07 2011 Last mounted on: /var/log Next check after: Sat Oct 1 12:33:22 2011 |
DU
Basic usage
du [Option…] [FILE_NAME…]
description
The du command serves to return the size of either an entire file system or a folder, file, etc..
du command returns the size of each file and directory that is within that directory. If [FILE_NAME…] is not given du will print the disk usage of every file from the current directory and all subdir.
Options
You can use the option -a , which tells the du command to return the size of individual files and directories, while -s display only a total for each argument.
Another important parameter is -h which makes the output, of the du command, more friendly to the human eye such as 18M instead of displaying 17,532 (the same number shown in bytes without rounding).
Another recommended setting is -c which returns the total size of all files.
Examples
Show the disk usage of /var
# du -hs /var/ 481M /var/ |
Show the disk usage of every directory in /var and print the total:
# du -hsc /var/* 5.3M /var/backups 188M /var/cache 112M /var/lib 4.0K /var/local 16K /var/lock 177M /var/log 16K /var/lost+found 12K /var/mail 4.0K /var/opt 100K /var/run 604K /var/spool 4.0K /var/tmp 120K /var/www 481M total |
Get the 10 biggest files/folders for the /var/ directory
# du -s /var/* | sort -nr |head 191676 /var/cache 180760 /var/log 113712 /var/lib 5332 /var/backups 604 /var/spool 120 /var/www 100 /var/run 16 /var/lost+found 16 /var/lock 12 /var/mail |
Conclusions
With these two simple commands you can control the growth of your file system and quickly see if the space is exausted, or if there are problems on inode and which directory is consuming all of your disk.
Why command df and du reports different output ?
Short answer: this is due to open files and how they are counted by the 2 commands.
Long answer: Check this post
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Su gnome è possibile vedere l’utilizzo in lettura e scrittura momentaneo del disco tramite applet System Monitor. Quale comando posso usare per avere tale informazione tramite linea di comando?
Grazie
Ciao Stefano,
Puoi usare il comando iostat, normalmente fornsice in output il numero di blocchi scritti/letti al secondo ma puoi usare -k (kilobytes) o -m (megabytes).
Come parametro prende l’intervallo in secondi di campionamento, quindi un:
iostat 2 -m
Ti da un campionamento a 2 secondi e stampa i valori in MB.
Ciao